Although sometimes criticized for its rigidity,a traditional SDLC provided and continues to provide benefits for many organizations. In addition to the reason it was initiated — namely, adding structure to a previously unstructured process — the waterfall approach to system development has two primary advantages:
1. The explicit guidelines allow the use of less-experienced staff for system development, as all steps are clearly outlined. Even junior staff members who have never managed a project can follow the“recipes” in the SDLC “cookbook” to produce adequate systems.Reliance on individual expertise is reduced. Use of an SDLC can have the added benefit of providing training for junior staff, again because the sequence of steps and the tasks to be performed in each step are clearly defined.
2. The methodology promotes consistency among projects, which can reduce the cost of ongoing support and allow staff to be transferred from one project to another. Although coding techniques are not specified in a typical SDLC, the extensive documentation that is an inherent part of most methodologies simplifies ongoing maintenance by reducing reliance on the original evelopers for explanations of why the system was constructed as it was and which functions are included in which program modules.
SDLC Disadvantages:-
While there is no doubt that the waterfall approach to system development is superior to a totally unstructured environment, there are some known disadvantages:
1. If followed slavishly, it can result in the generation of unnecessarydocuments. Many methodologies have forms for every possible scenario. Inexperienced staff may believe that all are required and may, for example, insist on three levels of customer sign-off when only one is needed. This can have the effect of complicating the process and extending the project schedule unnecessarily. To prevent this from occurring, most organizations view an SDLC as a set of guidelines and use only the steps and forms that apply to the specific size and type of project under development. Many even provide templates for their staff, outlining which steps are required for specific types and sizes of projects. An 18-month mainframe development project might require different processes than a two-week Web front end.
2. It is difficult for the customer to identify all requirements early in the project; however, the sequential “river of no return” approach dictates this. The philosophy of the SDLC means that there are no easy ways to mitigate this problem and still remain true to the ethodology.
3. The customer is involved only periodically, rather than being an active participant throughout the project. This can result in misunderstandings on both sides: IT and the customer.
4. As a corollary to the previous two points, the waterfall approach is usually applied to large projects with long development cycles. The combination of incomplete specifications, infrequent communication,and long elapsed time increases the probability that the system will be “off track” when it is finally delivered. As highway engineers know, an error of only a few degrees, if left uncorrected for thousands of miles, will result in the road going to the wrong destination.
5. Similarly, the long development cycle increases the possibility that by the time the system is delivered, business changes may have invalidated the initial design or that the project champions may have left the company or been reassigned, taking with them the impetus for the project."
1. The explicit guidelines allow the use of less-experienced staff for system development, as all steps are clearly outlined. Even junior staff members who have never managed a project can follow the“recipes” in the SDLC “cookbook” to produce adequate systems.Reliance on individual expertise is reduced. Use of an SDLC can have the added benefit of providing training for junior staff, again because the sequence of steps and the tasks to be performed in each step are clearly defined.
2. The methodology promotes consistency among projects, which can reduce the cost of ongoing support and allow staff to be transferred from one project to another. Although coding techniques are not specified in a typical SDLC, the extensive documentation that is an inherent part of most methodologies simplifies ongoing maintenance by reducing reliance on the original evelopers for explanations of why the system was constructed as it was and which functions are included in which program modules.
SDLC Disadvantages:-
While there is no doubt that the waterfall approach to system development is superior to a totally unstructured environment, there are some known disadvantages:
1. If followed slavishly, it can result in the generation of unnecessarydocuments. Many methodologies have forms for every possible scenario. Inexperienced staff may believe that all are required and may, for example, insist on three levels of customer sign-off when only one is needed. This can have the effect of complicating the process and extending the project schedule unnecessarily.
2. It is difficult for the customer to identify all requirements early in the project; however, the sequential “river of no return” approach dictates this. The philosophy of the SDLC means that there are no easy ways to mitigate this problem and still remain true to the ethodology.
3. The customer is involved only periodically, rather than being an active participant throughout the project. This can result in misunderstandings on both sides: IT and the customer.
4. As a corollary to the previous two points, the waterfall approach is usually applied to large projects with long development cycles. The combination of incomplete specifications, infrequent communication,and long elapsed time increases the probability that the system will be “off track” when it is finally delivered. As highway engineers know, an error of only a few degrees, if left uncorrected for thousands of miles, will result in the road going to the wrong destination.
5. Similarly, the long development cycle increases the possibility that by the time the system is delivered, business changes may have invalidated the initial design or that the project champions may have left the company or been reassigned, taking with them the impetus for the project."
1- Reduces development time. 2- Reduces development costs. 3- Requires user involvement. 4- Developers receive quantifiable user feedback. 5-Facilitates system implementation since users know what to expect. 6- Results in higher user satisfaction. 7- Exposes developers to potential future system enhancements.
*Some Disadvantages of Prototyping: 1- Can lead to insufficient analysis. 2- Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype. 3- Developers can become too attached to their prototypes 4- Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready. 5- Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation. 6- If sophisticated software prototypes (4th GL or CASE Tools) are employed, the time saving benefit of prototyping can be lost.
The Reference: http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html
"Prototyping is an iterative, experimental, evolutionary method of building a system or a model of a system. It relies on effective communication between the developer and the end user. Feedback from the end user results in further refinement of the model until it finally meets the user's needs and expectations". The advantages of prototyping are:
1- faster development 2- easier for end users to learn/use 3- fewer changes needed after implementation 4- development backlog decreases 5- end-user involvement 6- users know what to expect at implementation 7- user/analyst communication enhanced 8- user requirements easier to determine 9- development costs reduced
In my opinion, the biggest advantages is the potential of making changes early in the process, stopping development on an unworkable system, and developing a system that more closely meets the needs and expectations of the end user. Disadvantages include the fact that managing the process may be more difficult because of its rapid, iterative nature. Also, incomplete prototypes may be regarded as complete systems.
The disadvantages of prototyping are: 1- Insufficient analysis 2- User confusion of prototype and finished system 3- Developer attachment to prototype 4- Excessive development time of the prototype 5- Expense of implementing prototyping.
actually you need to read in details to understand these information. Therefore here are the references which I've used - they have a wonderful explanation-:
1- for the advantages: http://web.sxu.edu/rogers/sys/prototype.html 2- for the disadvantages: http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/prototype-model/disadvantages.asp
Advantages of Prototype model 1. Strong Dialogue between users and developers 2. Missing functionality can be identified easily 3. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified 4. Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional, application 5. May generate specifications for a production application 6. Environment to resolve unclear objectives 7. Encourages innovation and flexible designs
Disadvantages of Prototype model 1. Contract may be awarded without rigorous evaluation of Prototype 2. Identifying non-functional elements difficult to document 3. Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the full system was designed 4. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis 5. Client may be unknowledgeable 6. Approval process and requirement is not strict 7. Requirements may frequently change significantly
• Clarify the system objectives. (What the clients really want comes out as they see the prototype and can criticise it.) • Identify problems that are critical to the system effectiveness. • Lead the way to better, more logical solutions. • Improved user communication. • Users like it. • Low risk. • Avoids over-design. • Experimentation and innovation.
disadvantages:
• Integration often difficult. • Poor performance. • Difficult to manage process. • Creates unrealistic expectations. • Documentation is difficult.
• May provide the proof of concept necessary to attract funding • Early visibility of the prototype gives users an idea of what the final system looks like • Encourages active participation among users and producer • Enables a higher output for user • Cost effective (Development costs reduced) • Increases system development speed • Assists to identify any problems with the efficacy of earlier design, requirements analysis and coding activities • Helps to refine the potential risks associated with the delivery of the system being developed • Various aspects can be tested and quicker feedback can be got from the user • Helps to deliver the product in quality easily • User interaction available during development cycle of prototype.
Disadvantages of prototyping • Producer might produce a system inadequate for overall organization needs • User can get too involved whereas the program can not be to a high standard • Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made • Producer might get too attached to it (might cause legal involvement] • Not suitable for large applications • Over long periods, can cause loss in consumer interest and subsequent cancellation due to a lack of a market (for commercial products)"
Prototyping is the process of building a model of a system. It helps system designers to build an information system that is easy to manipulate for end users.
The advantages of prototyping are: 1) Reduced time and costs 2) Improved and increased user involvement 3) Improved system usability 4) Closer match to the system needed 5) Improved design quality 6) Improved maintainability 7) Reduced overall development effort
Disadvantages of prototyping 1) Prototype are often built as stand-alone systems, thus ignoring issues of sharing data and interactions with other existing systems 2) Prototyping can become very idiosyncratic to the initial users and difficult to diffuse or adapt to other potential users 3) Can be viewed by client as the final product 4) Difficult for developers to discard and start creating the final product from scratch
For more information about prototyping and its advantages or disadvantages you can visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype http://elvis.rowan.edu/~clamen/classes/F01/SE/Chapter8.ppt
Prototyping is the process of building a model of a system. It helps system designers to build an information system that is easy to manipulate for end users.
The advantages of prototyping are: 1) Reduced time and costs 2) Improved and increased user involvement 3) Improved system usability 4) Closer match to the system needed 5) Improved design quality 6) Improved maintainability 7) Reduced overall development effort
Disadvantages of prototyping 1) Prototype are often built as stand-alone systems, thus ignoring issues of sharing data and interactions with other existing systems 2) Prototyping can become very idiosyncratic to the initial users and difficult to diffuse or adapt to other potential users 3) Can be viewed by client as the final product 4) Difficult for developers to discard and start creating the final product from scratch
For more information about prototyping and its advantages or disadvantages you can visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype http://elvis.rowan.edu/~clamen/classes/F01/SE/Chapter8.ppt
The SDLC practice has advantages in traditional models of software development, that lends itself more to a structured environment. The disadvantages to using the SDLC methodology is when there is need for iterative development or (i.e. web development or e-commerce) where stakeholders need to review on a regular basis the software being designed
A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of SDLC
Reduced time and costs: Prototyping can improve the quality of requirements and specifications provided to developers. Because changes cost exponentially more to implement as they are detected later in development, the early determination of what the user really wants can result in faster and less expensive software.
Improved and increased user involvement: Prototyping requires user involvement and allows them to see and interact with a prototype allowing them to provide better and more complete feedback and specifications. The presence of the prototype being examined by the user prevents many misunderstandings and miscommunications that occur when each side believe the other understands what they said. Since users know the problem domain better than anyone on the development team does, increased interaction can result in final product that has greater tangible and intangible quality. The final product is more likely to satisfy the users desire for look, feel and performance
Disadvantages: -Insufficient analysis -User confusion of prototype and finished system -Developer attachment to prototype -Excessive development time of the prototype -Expense of implementing prototyping
Advantages of prototyping are that Is allows a visual idea to help those funding the project. give the user and producer an idea of the finished product , and they have a chance to comment on the project .this will help reduce by identifying problems early in the process.
disadvantages of prototyping are that there maybe higher expectations from the user and producer,and the chance of unfinished system. structure damages may occur because of the ability to change and adjust the non-working and working models
1-Reduced time and costs 2-Improved and increased user involvement 3- try out inexpensively 4- deploy quickly 5- split work between IS and users 6- should the prototype be the end result
Disadvantages of prototyping
1-Producer might produce a system inadequate for overall organization needs 2-User can get too involved whereas the program can not be to a high standard 3-Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made 4-Producer might get too attached to it (might cause legal involvement) Not suitable for large applications 5-Over long periods, can cause loss in consumer interest and subsequent cancellation due to a lack of a market (for commercial products)
In SDLC model the user requirements are collected in the begning of the development so the users requirement become easy to understand so the developer can create a software which fullfill the requirement of the user. In SDLC model analysis are done in the users place so that analyst can better understand the working of the user. And can create a better analysis to create the software. In SDLC model the developer has the written documentation form which he can know the requirements of the user. So he can develop a good software. This means if the documentation is done in a good manner than the developer can create the software much better.
Disadvantages of SDLC prototyping :-
As there are many advantages of the SDLC model but also there are many disadvantages of the SDLC model. As SDLC model is completely based on the documentation done by the analyst, if the analyst has not done the analysis in a good manner then the created system/software will not produce a desired output. SDLC model always suffer with over design sometime it offers many meaningless operations to do but doesn't offer the desired operations. As we know that we cannot freez the requirement of the user/consumer. So, if the user changes his requirement in the mid of designing phase then it costs a lot sometime more than the cost of the project. Sometime analyst chooses a platform which does not available with the user. So its costs a lot to the user to change the technology which he is currently using. In SDLC There is a big disadvantage is the communication gap between the user and the anaylst/developer.
Advantages of prototyping: 1-Speeds up the development approach. 2-Gives the users the opportunity to clarify their information requirements. 3-Encourages active knowledge worker participation. 4-Helps resolve discrepancies among knowledge workers. 5-Gives users a feel for the final system. 6-Helps determine technical feasibility. 7-Helps sell the idea of a proposed system.
Disadvantages of prototyping: 1-Replaces the systematic analysis and design stages of the SDLC - quality may be sacrificed. 2-Can result in an excess of iterations. 3-Leads people to believe the final system will follow shortly. 4-Gives no indication of performance under operational conditions. 5-Leads the project team to forgo proper testing and documentation.
Few people in the modern computing world would use a strict waterfall model for their Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) as many modern methodologies have superseded this thinking. Some will argue that the SDLC no longer applies to models like Agile computing, but it is still a term widely in use in Technology circles. The SDLC practice has advantages in traditional models of software development, that lends itself more to a structured environment. The disadvantages to using the SDLC methodology is when there is need for iterative development or (i.e. web development or e-commerce) where stakeholders need to review on a regular basis the software being designed. Instead of viewing SDLC from a strength or weakness perspective, it is far more important to take the best practices from the SDLC model and apply it to whatever may be most appropriate for the software being designed.
Advantages: - Control. - Monitor Large projects. - Detailed steps. - Evaluate costs and completion targets. - Documentation. - Well defined user input. - Ease of maintenance. - Development and design standards. - Tolerates changes in MIS staffing.
Disadvantages: - Increased development time. - Increased development cost. - Systems must be defined up front. - Rigidity. - Hard to estimate costs, project overruns. - User input is sometimes limited.
the reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Development_Life_Cycle
Advantages of Prototype model: 1. Strong Dialogue between users and developers. 2. Missing functionality can be identified easily. 3. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified. 4. Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional, application. 5. May generate specifications for a production application. 6. Environment to resolve unclear objectives. 7. Encourages innovation and flexible designs.
Disadvantages of Prototype model: 1. Contract may be awarded without rigorous evaluation of Prototype. 2. Identifying non-functional elements difficult to document. 3. Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the full system was designed. 4. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis. 5. Client may be unknowledgeable. 6. Approval process and requirement is not strict. 7. Requirements may frequently change significantly.
The reference: http://bobyjos.blogspot.com/2004/11/sdlc-models-advantages-disadvantages.html
**Advantages of prototyping 1-May provide the proof of concept necessary to attract funding 2-Early visibility of the prototype gives users an idea of what the final system looks like 3-Encourages active participation among users and producer 4-Enables a higher output for user 5-Cost effective (Development costs reduced) 6-Increases system development speed 7-Assists to identify any problems with the efficacy of earlier design, requirements analysis and coding activities 8-Helps to refine the potential risks associated with the delivery of the system being developed 9-Various aspects can be tested and quicker feedback can be got from the user 10-Helps to deliver the product in quality easily 11-User interaction available during development cycle of prototyping **Disadvantages of prototyping: 1-Producer might produce a system inadequate for overall organization needs 2-User can get too involved whereas the program can not be to a high standard 3-Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made 4-Producer might get too attached to it (might cause legal involvement. 5-Not suitable for large applications 6-Over long periods, can cause loss in consumer interest and subsequent cancellation due to a lack of a market (for commercial products
1.The software designer and implementer can obtain feedback from the users early in the project.
2.The client and the contractor can compare if the software made matches the software specification, according to which the software program is built.
3.It also allows the software engineer some insight into the accuracy of initial project estimates and whether the deadlines and milestones proposed can be successfully met.
Advantages of Waterfall Model 1. Clear project objectives. 2. Stable project requirements. 3. Progress of system is measurable. 4. Strict sign-off requirements.
Disadvantages of Waterfall Model 1. Time consuming 2. Never backward (Traditional) 3. Little room for iteration 4. Difficulty responding to changes
Advantages of Prototype model 1. Strong Dialogue between users and developers 2. Missing functionality can be identified easily 3. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified 4. Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional, application 5. May generate specifications for a production application 6. Environment to resolve unclear objectives 7. Encourages innovation and flexible designs
Disadvantages of Prototype model 1. Contract may be awarded without rigorous evaluation of Prototype 2. Identifying non-functional elements difficult to document 3. Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the full system was designed 4. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis 5. Client may be unknowledgeable 6. Approval process and requirement is not strict
as i read from : http://bobyjos.blogspot.com/2004/11/sdlc-models-advantages-disadvantages.html
1-Control. 2-Monitor Large projects. 3-Detailed steps Evaluate costs and completion targets 4-Documentation 5-Well defined user input 6-Ease of maintenance 7-Development and design standards 8-Tolerates changes in MIS staffing
disadvantages 0f SDLC :
1-Tolerates changes in MIS staffing 2-Increased development cost. 3-Systems must be defined up front 4-Rigidity 5-Hard to estimate costs, project overruns 6-User input is sometimes limited
Prototyping is an iterative, experimental, evolutionary method of building a system or a model of a system. It relies on effective communication between the developer and the end user. Feedback from the end user results in further refinement of the model until it finally meets the user's needs and expectations.
The advantages of prototyping are:
1-faster development 2-easier for end users to learn/use 3-fewer changes needed after implementation 4-development backlog decreases 5-end-user involvement 6-users know what to expect at implementation 7-user/analyst communication enhanced 8-user requirements easier to determine 9-development costs reduced.
Disadvantages of Prototyping process model are: 1-Insufficient analysis. 2-User confusion of prototype and finished system. 3-Developer misunderstanding of user objectives. 4-Developer attachment to prototype. 5-Excessive development time of the prototype. 6-Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready. 7-Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation.
There are many advantages to using prototyping in software development, some tangible some abstract: 1-Reduced time and costs: Prototyping can improve the quality of requirements and specifications provided to developers. the early determination of what the user really wants can result in faster and less expensive software 2-Improved and increased user involvement: Prototyping requires user involvement and allows them to see and interact with a prototype allowing them to provide better and more complete feedback and specifications. The presence of the prototype being examined by the user prevents many misunderstandings and miscommunications that occur when each side believe the other understands what they said. 3- Confusing or difficult functions can be identified 4- Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional, application 5- Missing functionality can be identified easily
perhaps misusing, prototyping can also have disadvantages. 1-Insufficient analysis: The focus on a limited prototype can distract developers from properly analyzing the complete project. This can lead to overlooking better solutions, preparation of incomplete specifications or the conversion of limited prototypes into poorly engineered final projects that are hard to maintain. 2-User confusion of prototype and finished system: for example, often unaware of the effort needed to add error-checking and security features which a prototype may not have. 3-Developer attachment to prototype: This may suggest that throwaway prototyping, rather than evolutionary prototyping, should be used. 4-Excessive development time of the prototype: 5-Expense of implementing prototyping: Many companies tend to just jump into the prototyping without bothering to retrain their workers as much as they should.
the reference: http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/
the advantages of traditional SDLC : +Improved understanding and tracking of projects +Ease of collection of performance data to aid in future project planning and estimating +Users would have a better idea of what has to be done to accomplish a systems project
the disadvantages are: +Less control over applications development +Less flexibility in meeting system needs +Package may not interface with existing applications
as I understand from this: http://www.cis.gsu.edu/~dstraub/JMBA/MBA8473/2001/sdlc4ups.pdf
+faster development +easier for end users to learn/use +fewer changes needed after implementation +development backlog decreases end-user involvement +users know what to expect at implementation +user/analyst communication enhanced +user requirements easier to determine +development costs reduced
as i read from this website http://web.sxu.edu/rogers/sys/prototype.html
1. Strong Dialogue between users and developers 2. Missing functionality can be identified easily 3. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified 4. Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional, application 5. May generate specifications for a production application 6. Environment to resolve unclear objectives 7. Encourages innovation and flexible designs
Disadvantages of Prototype model:
1. Contract may be awarded without rigorous evaluation of Prototype 2. Identifying non-functional elements difficult to document 3. Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the full system was designed 4. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis 5. Client may be unknowledgeable 6. Approval process and requirement is not strict 7. Requirements may frequently change significantly .
(although I read and copied the answer from a blog..but I think it was sufficient, hope you accept it).
SDLC(system development life cycle) advantages: 1- The explicit guidelines allow the use of less-experienced staff for system development, as all steps are clearly outlined. Even junior staff members who have never managed a project can follow the “recipes” in the SDLC “cookbook” to produce adequate systems.
Reliance on individual expertise is reduced. Use of an SDLC can have the added benefit of providing training for junior staff, again because the sequence of steps and the tasks to be performed in each step are clearly defined.
2- The methodology promotes consistency among projects, which can reduce the cost of ongoing support and allow staff to be transferred from one project to another
disadvanages: 1- If followed slavishly, it can result in the generation of unnecessary documents. Many methodologies have forms for every possible from one project to anotherscenario. Inexperienced staff may believe that all are required and may, for example, insist on three levels of customer sign-off when only one is needed. This can have the effect of complicating the process and extending the project schedule unnecessarily
2-It is difficult for the customer to identify all requirements early in the project; however, the sequential “river of no return” approach dictates this. The philosophy of the SDLC means that there are no easy ways to mitigate this problem and still remain true to the methodology
3-The customer is involved only periodically, rather than being an active participant throughout the project. This can result in misunderstandings on both sides: IT and the customer
4-As a corollary to the previous two points, the waterfall approach is usually applied to large projects with long development cycles
5-Similarly, the long development cycle increases the possibility that by the time the system is delivered, business changes may have invalidated the initial design or that the project champions may have left the company or been reassigned, taking with them the impetus for the project
Implementing the prototype model for creating software has disadvantages. Since its being built out of concept, most of the models presented in the early stage are not complete. Usually they lack flaws that developers still need to work on them again and again. Since the prototype changes from time to time, it’s a nightmare to create a document for this software. There are many things that are removed, changed and added in a single update of the prototype and documenting each of them has been proven difficult.
There is also a great temptation for most developers to create a prototype and stick to it even though it has flaws. Since prototypes are not yet complete software programs, there is always a possibility of a designer flaw. When flawed software is implemented, it could mean losses of important resources.
Lastly, integration could be very difficult for a prototype model. This often happens when other programs are already stable. The prototype software is released and integrated to the company’s suite of software. But if there’s something wrong the prototype, changes are required not only with the software. It’s also possible that the stable software should be changed in order for them to be integrated properly.
Prototype Advantages :
Creating software using the prototype model also has its benefits. One of the key advantages a prototype modeled software has is the time frame of development. Instead of concentrating on documentation, more effort is placed in creating the actual software. This way, the actual software could be released in advance. The work on prototype models could also be spread to others since there are practically no stages of work in this model. Everyone has to work on the same thing and at the same time, reducing man hours in creating a software. The work will even be faster and efficient if developers will collaborate more regarding the status of a specific function and develop the necessary adjustments in time for the integration.
Another advantage of having a prototype modeled software is that the software is created using lots of user feedbacks. In every prototype created, users could give their honest opinion about the software. If something is unfavorable, it can be changed. Slowly the program is created with the customer in mind.
Implementing the prototype model for creating software has disadvantages. Since its being built out of concept, most of the models presented in the early stage are not complete. Usually they lack flaws that developers still need to work on them again and again. Since the prototype changes from time to time, it’s a nightmare to create a document for this software. There are many things that are removed, changed and added in a single update of the prototype and documenting each of them has been proven difficult.
There is also a great temptation for most developers to create a prototype and stick to it even though it has flaws. Since prototypes are not yet complete software programs, there is always a possibility of a designer flaw. When flawed software is implemented, it could mean losses of important resources.
Lastly, integration could be very difficult for a prototype model. This often happens when other programs are already stable. The prototype software is released and integrated to the company’s suite of software. But if there’s something wrong the prototype, changes are required not only with the software. It’s also possible that the stable software should be changed in order for them to be integrated properly.
Prototype Advantages :
Creating software using the prototype model also has its benefits. One of the key advantages a prototype modeled software has is the time frame of development. Instead of concentrating on documentation, more effort is placed in creating the actual software. This way, the actual software could be released in advance. The work on prototype models could also be spread to others since there are practically no stages of work in this model. Everyone has to work on the same thing and at the same time, reducing man hours in creating a software. The work will even be faster and efficient if developers will collaborate more regarding the status of a specific function and develop the necessary adjustments in time for the integration.
Another advantage of having a prototype modeled software is that the software is created using lots of user feedbacks. In every prototype created, users could give their honest opinion about the software. If something is unfavorable, it can be changed. Slowly the program is created with the customer in mind.
"The traditional SDLC allows for a large degree of management control. At the end of each phase, a formal review is performed and a decision is made whether to continue with the project, terminate it, or perhaps repeat some of the tasks of the current phase. Use of this life cycle also creates a lot of documentation, which if kept current, can be useful when modifying the system. The traditional SDLC also ensures that every system requirement can be related to a business need. In addition, resulting products can be reviewed to verify that they satisfy the system requirements and conform to organizational standards. A major problem with this life cycle is that the user does not have access to the solution until the system is nearly complete. It is also inflexible as changes in user requirements cannot be accommodated during development."
1-Early visibility of the prototype gives users an idea of what the final system looks like 2-Helps to deliver the product in quality easily 3-Increases system development speed 4-Reduces development costs and time 5-User interaction available during development cycle of prototype 6-Results in higher user satisfaction
Some disadvantages of prototyping:
1-Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made. 2-Not suitable for large applications 3-Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready 4-Producer might produce a system inadequate for overall organization needs 5-Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype
Prototyping takes an iterative approach to the systems development process. During each iteration, requirements and alternative solutions to the problem are identified and analyzed, new solutions are designed, and a portion of the system is implemented. Users are then encouraged to try the prototype and provide feedback advantages of prototyping.. 1/One advantage of this approach is that an operational prototype can be constructed in weeks. 2/ It also allows for early error and omission detection. 3/User involvement and comment early on and throughout the development process.
disadvantages of prototyping.. 1/Disadvantages include incomplete or absent documentation, the fact that backup and recovery, performance. 2/security issues may be overlooked.. 3/that lack of formal end-of-phase reviews may create projects that go on and on. 4/Documentation may be difficult to write. 5/Users may not understand the realistic scope of the system..
Hi all ... The Prototyping Model is a systems development method (SDM) ... Advantages of Prototyping are : 1.Reduced time and costs. 2.Improved and increased user involvement. 3.allows a visual idea to help those funding the project. 4.they have a chance to comment on the project. Disadvantages are : 1.Insufficient analysis. 2.User confusion of prototype and finished system. 3.Developer misunderstanding of user objectives. 4.Developer attachment to prototype. 5.Excessive development time of the prototype. 6.the chance of unfinished systems
Advantages: 1- users can try the system and provide constructive feedback during development. 2- An operational prototype can be produced in weeks . 3- As solutions emerge ,users become more positive about the process and result . 4- Prototyping enables early detection of errors and omissions . ــــــ disadvantages : 1- each iteration builds on the previous one , the final solution might be only incrementally better than the initial solution . 2- Formal end of phase reviews might not occur. thus m it is very difficult to contain the scope of the prototype and the project never seems to end . 3- system documentation is often absent or incomplete because the primary focus is on development of the prototype . 4- System backup and recovery , performance and security issues can be overlooked in the haste to develop a prototype
1- "Clear project objectives" the guidelines helps the less-experienced staff for system development . 2- The methodology promotes consistency among projects, which can reduce the cost of ongoing support and allow staff to be transferred from one project to another. 3- Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional, application . 4- Encourages innovation and flexible designs .
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Desadvantages of traditional SDLC :
1- Inexperienced staff may believe that all are required and may, for example, insist on three levels of customer sign-off when only one is needed. 2- The customer is involved only periodically, rather than being an active participant throughout the project. This can result in misunderstandings on both sides: IT and the customer. 3- Difficulty responding to changes . 4- Approval process and requirement is not strict .
The Advantges of SDLC : 1. Includes formalized methods for project review . 2. Allows for large degree of management control . 3. Reports oriented to assess progress after each phase . 4. Uses formal DFDs for analysis and design and Structured design and programming techniques . 5. Testing is inherent to every phase of the model . 6. It is an enforced disciplined approach . 7. It is documentation driven, that is, documentation is produced at every stage .
The Disadvantages of SDCL : 1. Costly . 2. Not appropriate for small systems or Networks . 3. Generates volumes of paper and specifications . 4. Rigid and inflexible . 5. Difficult to change at later stages . 6. It only incorporates iteration indirectly, thus changes may cause considerable confusion as the project progresses. 7. As The client usually only has a vague idea of exactly what is required from the software product, this WM has difficulty accommodating the natural uncertainty that exists at the beginning of the project. 8. The customer only sees a working version of the product after it has been coded. This may result in disaster if any undetected problems are precipitated to this stage .
faster development easier for end users to learn/use fewer changes needed after implementation development backlog decreases end-user involvement users know what to expect at implementation user/analyst communication enhanced user requirements easier to determine development costs reduced
Some Disadvantages of Prototyping
Can lead to insufficient analysis.
Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype.
Developers can become too attached to their prototypes
Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready.
Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation.
If sophisticated software prototypes (4th GL or CASE Tools) are employed, the time saving benefit of prototyping can be lost.
the references: http://web.sxu.edu/rogers/sys/prototype.html http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html
Advantages SDLC: 1) the end-user participation 2) systems produce creative and wonderful. 3) suitable for the massive systems. 4) users to see what can be expected in the implementation 5) a strong dialogue between users and developers 6) Low risk
Disadvantages of SDLC: 1) cost a lot of time. 2) cost economically. 3) You need a great effort. 4) inadequate analysis 5) creates unrealistic expectations
1-faster development 2-easier for end users to learn/use 3-fewer changes needed after implementation 4-development backlog decreases 5-end-user involvement 6-users know what to expect at implementation 7-user/analyst communication enhanced 8-user requirements easier to determine 9-development costs reduced
disatvantage of prototyiping: 1-Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made 2-Producer might get too attached to 3-Not suitable for large applications
" advantages: 1/ all steps are clearly outlined. 2/ The explicit guidelines allow the use of less-experienced staff for system development. 3/ SDLC can have the added benefit of providing training for junior staff. 4/ With an SDLC Model, developers will have a clear idea . 5/ With an SDLC model, developers could even create a program that will answer different problems at the same time. 6/ SDLC Model, programs built will have a clear documentation of development, structure and even coding.
disadvantages:
1/ SDLC is the difference between what is written in paper and what is actually implemented. There are things that are happening in the actual work that the paper doesn’t see. 2/ The philosophy of the SDLC means that there are no easy ways to mitigate this problem and still remain true to the methodology. 3/ It is difficult for the customer to identify all requirements early in the project."
"Advantages of the Traditional SDLC:-
ReplyDeleteAlthough sometimes criticized for its rigidity,a traditional SDLC provided and continues to provide benefits for many organizations. In addition to the reason it was initiated — namely, adding structure to a previously unstructured process — the waterfall approach to system development has two primary advantages:
1. The explicit guidelines allow the use of less-experienced staff for system development, as all steps are clearly outlined. Even junior staff members who have never managed a project can follow the“recipes” in the SDLC “cookbook” to produce adequate systems.Reliance on individual expertise is reduced. Use of an SDLC can have the added benefit of providing training for junior staff, again because the sequence of steps and the tasks to be performed in each step are clearly defined.
2. The methodology promotes consistency among
projects, which can reduce the cost of ongoing support and allow staff to be transferred from one project to another. Although coding techniques are not specified in a typical SDLC, the extensive documentation that is an inherent part of most methodologies simplifies ongoing maintenance by reducing reliance on the original
evelopers for explanations of why the system was constructed as it was and which functions are included in which program modules.
SDLC Disadvantages:-
While there is no doubt that the waterfall approach to system development is superior to a totally unstructured environment, there are some known disadvantages:
1. If followed slavishly, it can result in the generation of unnecessarydocuments. Many methodologies have forms for every possible scenario. Inexperienced staff may believe that all are required and may, for example, insist
on three levels of customer sign-off when only one is needed. This can have the effect of complicating the process and extending the project schedule unnecessarily. To prevent this from occurring, most organizations view an SDLC as a set of guidelines and use only the steps and forms that apply to the specific size and type of project under development. Many even provide templates for their staff, outlining which steps are required for specific types and sizes of projects. An 18-month mainframe
development project might require different processes than a two-week Web front end.
2. It is difficult for the customer to identify all requirements early in the project; however, the sequential “river of no return” approach dictates this. The philosophy of the SDLC means that there are no easy ways to mitigate this problem and still remain true to the ethodology.
3. The customer is involved only periodically, rather than being an active participant throughout the project. This can result in misunderstandings on both sides: IT and the
customer.
4. As a corollary to the previous two points, the waterfall approach is usually applied to large projects with long development cycles.
The combination of incomplete specifications, infrequent communication,and long elapsed time increases the probability that the system will be “off track” when it is finally delivered. As highway engineers know, an error of only a few degrees, if left uncorrected for thousands of
miles, will result in the road going to the wrong destination.
5. Similarly, the long development cycle increases the possibility that by the time the system is delivered, business changes may have invalidated the initial design or that the project champions may have left the company
or been reassigned, taking with them the impetus for the project."
The Reference :-
http://www.ism-journal.com/ITToday/AU4426_C016.pdf
"Advantages of the Traditional SDLC:-
ReplyDelete1. The explicit guidelines allow the use of less-experienced staff for system development, as all steps are clearly outlined. Even junior staff members who have never managed a project can follow the“recipes” in the SDLC “cookbook” to produce adequate systems.Reliance on individual expertise is reduced. Use of an SDLC can have the added benefit of providing training for junior staff, again because the sequence of steps and the tasks to be performed in each step are clearly defined.
2. The methodology promotes consistency among
projects, which can reduce the cost of ongoing support and allow staff to be transferred from one project to another. Although coding techniques are not specified in a typical SDLC, the extensive documentation that is an inherent part of most methodologies simplifies ongoing maintenance by reducing reliance on the original
evelopers for explanations of why the system was constructed as it was and which functions are included in which program modules.
SDLC Disadvantages:-
While there is no doubt that the waterfall approach to system development is superior to a totally unstructured environment, there are some known disadvantages:
1. If followed slavishly, it can result in the generation of unnecessarydocuments. Many methodologies have forms for every possible scenario. Inexperienced staff may believe that all are required and may, for example, insist
on three levels of customer sign-off when only one is needed. This can have the effect of complicating the process and extending the project schedule unnecessarily.
2. It is difficult for the customer to identify all requirements early in the project; however, the sequential “river of no return” approach dictates this. The philosophy of the SDLC means that there are no easy ways to mitigate this problem and still remain true to the ethodology.
3. The customer is involved only periodically, rather than being an active participant throughout the project. This can result in misunderstandings on both sides: IT and the
customer.
4. As a corollary to the previous two points, the waterfall approach is usually applied to large projects with long development cycles.
The combination of incomplete specifications, infrequent communication,and long elapsed time increases the probability that the system will be “off track” when it is finally delivered. As highway engineers know, an error of only a few degrees, if left uncorrected for thousands of
miles, will result in the road going to the wrong destination.
5. Similarly, the long development cycle increases the possibility that by the time the system is delivered, business changes may have invalidated the initial design or that the project champions may have left the company
or been reassigned, taking with them the impetus for the project."
The Reference :-
http://www.ism-journal.com/ITToday/AU4426_C016.pdf
*Some Advantages of Prototyping:
ReplyDelete1- Reduces development time.
2- Reduces development costs.
3- Requires user involvement.
4- Developers receive quantifiable user feedback.
5-Facilitates system implementation since users know what to expect.
6- Results in higher user satisfaction.
7- Exposes developers to potential future system enhancements.
*Some Disadvantages of Prototyping:
1- Can lead to insufficient analysis.
2- Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype.
3- Developers can become too attached to their prototypes
4- Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready.
5- Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation.
6- If sophisticated software prototypes (4th GL or CASE Tools) are employed, the time saving benefit of prototyping can be lost.
The Reference:
http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html
"Prototyping is an iterative, experimental, evolutionary method of building a system or a model of a system. It relies on effective communication between the developer and the end user. Feedback from the end user results in further refinement of the model until it finally meets the user's needs and expectations".
ReplyDeleteThe advantages of prototyping are:
1- faster development
2- easier for end users to learn/use
3- fewer changes needed after implementation
4- development backlog decreases
5- end-user involvement
6- users know what to expect at implementation
7- user/analyst communication enhanced
8- user requirements easier to determine
9- development costs reduced
In my opinion, the biggest advantages is the potential of making changes early in the process, stopping development on an unworkable system, and developing a system that more closely meets the needs and expectations of the end user. Disadvantages include the fact that managing the process may be more difficult because of its rapid, iterative nature. Also, incomplete prototypes may be regarded as complete systems.
The disadvantages of prototyping are:
1- Insufficient analysis
2- User confusion of prototype and finished system
3- Developer attachment to prototype
4- Excessive development time of the prototype
5- Expense of implementing prototyping.
actually you need to read in details to understand these information. Therefore here are the references which I've used - they have a wonderful explanation-:
1- for the advantages: http://web.sxu.edu/rogers/sys/prototype.html
2- for the disadvantages: http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/prototype-model/disadvantages.asp
Advantages of Prototype model
ReplyDelete1. Strong Dialogue between users and developers
2. Missing functionality can be identified easily
3. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified
4. Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but
functional, application
5. May generate specifications for a production application
6. Environment to resolve unclear objectives
7. Encourages innovation and flexible designs
Disadvantages of Prototype model
1. Contract may be awarded without rigorous evaluation of Prototype
2. Identifying non-functional elements difficult to document
3. Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the
full system was designed
4. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis
5. Client may be unknowledgeable
6. Approval process and requirement is not strict
7. Requirements may frequently change significantly
Reference:
http://bobyjos.blogspot.com/2004/11/sdlc-models-advantages-disadvantages.html
The prototyping advantages:
ReplyDelete• Clarify the system objectives.
(What the clients really want comes out as they see the prototype and can criticise it.)
• Identify problems that are critical to the system effectiveness.
• Lead the way to better, more logical solutions.
• Improved user communication.
• Users like it.
• Low risk.
• Avoids over-design.
• Experimentation and innovation.
disadvantages:
• Integration often difficult.
• Poor performance.
• Difficult to manage process.
• Creates unrealistic expectations.
• Documentation is difficult.
References:
http://portal.newman.wa.edu.au/technology/12infsys/html/KWH2003/Prototyp.htm
https://www.socialtext.net/data/workspaces/ism4300/attachments/power_point_slides:20080326102456-0-17709/original/tmpmsht.ppt
"Advantages of prototyping
ReplyDelete• May provide the proof of concept necessary to attract funding
• Early visibility of the prototype gives users an idea of what the final system looks like
• Encourages active participation among users and producer
• Enables a higher output for user
• Cost effective (Development costs reduced)
• Increases system development speed
• Assists to identify any problems with the efficacy of earlier design, requirements analysis and coding activities
• Helps to refine the potential risks associated with the delivery of the system being developed
• Various aspects can be tested and quicker feedback can be got from the user
• Helps to deliver the product in quality easily
• User interaction available during development cycle of prototype.
Disadvantages of prototyping
• Producer might produce a system inadequate for overall organization needs
• User can get too involved whereas the program can not be to a high standard
• Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made
• Producer might get too attached to it (might cause legal involvement]
• Not suitable for large applications
• Over long periods, can cause loss in consumer interest and subsequent cancellation due to a lack of a market (for commercial products)"
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype#Advantages_and_disadvantages
Prototyping is the process of building a model of a system. It helps system designers to build an information system that is easy to manipulate for end users.
ReplyDeleteThe advantages of prototyping are:
1) Reduced time and costs
2) Improved and increased user involvement
3) Improved system usability
4) Closer match to the system needed
5) Improved design quality
6) Improved maintainability
7) Reduced overall development effort
Disadvantages of prototyping
1) Prototype are often built as stand-alone systems, thus ignoring issues of sharing data and interactions with other existing systems
2) Prototyping can become very idiosyncratic to the initial users and difficult to diffuse or adapt to other potential users
3) Can be viewed by client as the final product
4) Difficult for developers to discard and start creating the final product from scratch
For more information about prototyping and its advantages or disadvantages you can visit:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype
http://elvis.rowan.edu/~clamen/classes/F01/SE/Chapter8.ppt
Prototyping is the process of building a model of a system. It helps system designers to build an information system that is easy to manipulate for end users.
ReplyDeleteThe advantages of prototyping are:
1) Reduced time and costs
2) Improved and increased user involvement
3) Improved system usability
4) Closer match to the system needed
5) Improved design quality
6) Improved maintainability
7) Reduced overall development effort
Disadvantages of prototyping
1) Prototype are often built as stand-alone systems, thus ignoring issues of sharing data and interactions with other existing systems
2) Prototyping can become very idiosyncratic to the initial users and difficult to diffuse or adapt to other potential users
3) Can be viewed by client as the final product
4) Difficult for developers to discard and start creating the final product from scratch
For more information about prototyping and its advantages or disadvantages you can visit:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype
http://elvis.rowan.edu/~clamen/classes/F01/SE/Chapter8.ppt
Traditional SDLC
ReplyDeleteThe SDLC practice has advantages in traditional models of software development, that lends itself more to a structured environment. The disadvantages to using the SDLC methodology is when there is need for iterative development or (i.e. web development or e-commerce) where stakeholders need to review on a regular basis the software being designed
A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of SDLC
http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/hs905.snc4/71866_486508818627_656223627_7076850_1545837_n.jpg
prototyping
ReplyDeleteReduced time and costs: Prototyping can improve the quality of requirements and specifications provided to developers. Because changes cost exponentially more to implement as they are detected later in development, the early determination of what the user really wants can result in faster and less expensive software.
Improved and increased user involvement: Prototyping requires user involvement and allows them to see and interact with a prototype allowing them to provide better and more complete feedback and specifications. The presence of the prototype being examined by the user prevents many misunderstandings and miscommunications that occur when each side believe the other understands what they said. Since users know the problem domain better than anyone on the development team does, increased interaction can result in final product that has greater tangible and intangible quality. The final product is more likely to satisfy the users desire for look, feel and performance
Disadvantages:
-Insufficient analysis
-User confusion of prototype and finished system
-Developer attachment to prototype
-Excessive development time of the prototype
-Expense of implementing prototyping
http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/prototype-model/advantages.asp
http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/prototype-model/disadvantages.asp
Advantages of prototyping are that Is allows a visual idea
ReplyDeleteto help those funding the project.
give the user and producer an idea of the finished product ,
and they have a chance to comment on the project .this will help reduce by
identifying problems early in the process.
disadvantages of prototyping are that there maybe higher expectations
from the user and producer,and the chance of unfinished system.
structure damages may occur because of the ability to change and
adjust the non-working and working models
www.precisionmachiningpro.com
Advantages of prototyping:
ReplyDelete1-Reduced time and costs
2-Improved and increased user involvement
3- try out inexpensively
4- deploy quickly
5- split work between IS and users
6- should the prototype be the end result
Disadvantages of prototyping
1-Producer might produce a system inadequate for overall organization needs
2-User can get too involved whereas the program can not be to a high standard
3-Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made
4-Producer might get too attached to it (might cause legal involvement)
Not suitable for large applications
5-Over long periods, can cause loss in consumer interest and subsequent cancellation due to a lack of a market (for commercial products)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype#Disadvantages_of_prototyping
Advantages of SDLC prototyping :-
ReplyDeleteIn SDLC model the user requirements are collected in the
begning of the development so the users requirement become
easy to understand so the developer can create a software
which fullfill the requirement of the user.
In SDLC model analysis are done in the users place so that
analyst can better understand the working of the user. And
can create a better analysis to create the software.
In SDLC model the developer has the written documentation
form which he can know the requirements of the user. So he
can develop a good software. This means if the
documentation is done in a good manner than the developer
can create the software much better.
Disadvantages of SDLC prototyping :-
As there are many advantages of the SDLC model but also
there are many disadvantages of the SDLC model.
As SDLC model is completely based on the documentation done
by the analyst, if the analyst has not done the analysis in
a good manner then the created system/software will not
produce a desired output.
SDLC model always suffer with over design sometime it
offers many meaningless operations to do but doesn't offer
the desired operations.
As we know that we cannot freez the requirement of the
user/consumer. So, if the user changes his requirement in
the mid of designing phase then it costs a lot sometime
more than the cost of the project.
Sometime analyst chooses a platform which does not
available with the user. So its costs a lot to the user to
change the technology which he is currently using.
In SDLC There is a big disadvantage is the communication
gap between the user and the anaylst/developer.
http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/64688.html
Advantages of prototyping:
ReplyDelete1-Speeds up the development approach.
2-Gives the users the opportunity to clarify their information requirements.
3-Encourages active knowledge worker participation.
4-Helps resolve discrepancies among knowledge workers.
5-Gives users a feel for the final system.
6-Helps determine technical feasibility.
7-Helps sell the idea of a proposed system.
Disadvantages of prototyping:
1-Replaces the systematic analysis and design stages of the SDLC - quality may be sacrificed.
2-Can result in an excess of iterations.
3-Leads people to believe the final system will follow shortly.
4-Gives no indication of performance under operational conditions.
5-Leads the project team to forgo proper testing and documentation.
http://www.elucidata.com/refs/sdlc
Few people in the modern computing world would use a strict waterfall model for their Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) as many modern methodologies have superseded this thinking. Some will argue that the SDLC no longer applies to models like Agile computing, but it is still a term widely in use in Technology circles. The SDLC practice has advantages in traditional models of software development, that lends itself more to a structured environment. The disadvantages to using the SDLC methodology is when there is need for iterative development or (i.e. web development or e-commerce) where stakeholders need to review on a regular basis the software being designed. Instead of viewing SDLC from a strength or weakness perspective, it is far more important to take the best practices from the SDLC model and apply it to whatever may be most appropriate for the software being designed.
ReplyDeleteAdvantages:
- Control.
- Monitor Large projects.
- Detailed steps.
- Evaluate costs and completion targets.
- Documentation.
- Well defined user input.
- Ease of maintenance.
- Development and design standards.
- Tolerates changes in MIS staffing.
Disadvantages:
- Increased development time.
- Increased development cost.
- Systems must be defined up front.
- Rigidity.
- Hard to estimate costs, project overruns.
- User input is sometimes limited.
the reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Development_Life_Cycle
Advantages of Prototype model:
ReplyDelete1. Strong Dialogue between users and developers.
2. Missing functionality can be identified easily.
3. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified.
4. Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but
functional, application.
5. May generate specifications for a production application.
6. Environment to resolve unclear objectives.
7. Encourages innovation and flexible designs.
Disadvantages of Prototype model:
1. Contract may be awarded without rigorous evaluation of Prototype.
2. Identifying non-functional elements difficult to document.
3. Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the
full system was designed.
4. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis.
5. Client may be unknowledgeable.
6. Approval process and requirement is not strict.
7. Requirements may frequently change significantly.
The reference:
http://bobyjos.blogspot.com/2004/11/sdlc-models-advantages-disadvantages.html
**Advantages of prototyping
ReplyDelete1-May provide the proof of concept necessary to attract funding
2-Early visibility of the prototype gives users an idea of what the final system looks like
3-Encourages active participation among users and producer
4-Enables a higher output for user
5-Cost effective (Development costs reduced)
6-Increases system development speed
7-Assists to identify any problems with the efficacy of earlier design, requirements analysis and coding activities
8-Helps to refine the potential risks associated with the delivery of the system being developed
9-Various aspects can be tested and quicker feedback can be got from the user
10-Helps to deliver the product in quality easily
11-User interaction available during development cycle of prototyping
**Disadvantages of prototyping:
1-Producer might produce a system inadequate for overall organization needs
2-User can get too involved whereas the program can not be to a high standard
3-Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made
4-Producer might get too attached to it (might cause legal involvement.
5-Not suitable for large applications
6-Over long periods, can cause loss in consumer interest and subsequent cancellation due to a lack of a market (for commercial products
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype
Advantages of prototyping :
ReplyDelete1.The software designer and implementer can obtain feedback from the users early in the project.
2.The client and the contractor can compare if the software made matches the software specification, according to which the software program is built.
3.It also allows the software engineer some insight into the accuracy of initial project estimates and whether the deadlines and milestones proposed can be successfully met.
Disadvantages of prototyping :
1.Insufficient analysis
2.user confusion of prototype and finished system
3.Developer misunderstanding of user objectives
4.Developer attachment to prototype
5.Excessive development time of the prototype
6.Expense of implementing prototyping
SDLC models Advantages & disadvantages
ReplyDeleteAdvantages of Waterfall Model
1. Clear project objectives.
2. Stable project requirements.
3. Progress of system is measurable.
4. Strict sign-off requirements.
Disadvantages of Waterfall Model
1. Time consuming
2. Never backward (Traditional)
3. Little room for iteration
4. Difficulty responding to changes
Advantages of Prototype model
1. Strong Dialogue between users and developers
2. Missing functionality can be identified easily
3. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified
4. Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but
functional, application
5. May generate specifications for a production application
6. Environment to resolve unclear objectives
7. Encourages innovation and flexible designs
Disadvantages of Prototype model
1. Contract may be awarded without rigorous evaluation of Prototype
2. Identifying non-functional elements difficult to document
3. Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the
full system was designed
4. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis
5. Client may be unknowledgeable
6. Approval process and requirement is not strict
as i read from :
http://bobyjos.blogspot.com/2004/11/sdlc-models-advantages-disadvantages.html
Advantages of SDLC:
ReplyDelete1-Control.
2-Monitor Large projects.
3-Detailed steps
Evaluate costs and completion targets
4-Documentation
5-Well defined user input
6-Ease of maintenance
7-Development and design standards
8-Tolerates changes in MIS staffing
disadvantages 0f SDLC :
1-Tolerates changes in MIS staffing
2-Increased development cost.
3-Systems must be defined up front
4-Rigidity
5-Hard to estimate costs, project overruns
6-User input is sometimes limited
Prototyping is an iterative, experimental, evolutionary method of building a system or a model of a system. It relies on effective communication between the developer and the end user. Feedback from the end user results in further refinement of the model until it finally meets the user's needs and expectations.
ReplyDeleteThe advantages of prototyping are:
1-faster development
2-easier for end users to learn/use
3-fewer changes needed after implementation
4-development backlog decreases
5-end-user involvement
6-users know what to expect at implementation
7-user/analyst communication enhanced
8-user requirements easier to determine
9-development costs reduced.
Disadvantages of Prototyping process model are:
1-Insufficient analysis.
2-User confusion of prototype and finished system.
3-Developer misunderstanding of user objectives.
4-Developer attachment to prototype.
5-Excessive development time of the prototype.
6-Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready.
7-Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation.
...
Resources:
http://web.sxu.edu/rogers/sys/prototype.html
http://www.iotap.com/Blogs/tabid/277/EntryId/152/Advantages-Disadvantage-of-Prototyping-process-model.aspx
http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html
Some Advantages of Prototyping:
ReplyDelete1-Reduces development time.
2-Reduces development costs.
3-Requires user involvement.
4-Developers receive quantifiable user feedback.
5-Facilitates system implementation since users know what to expect.
6-Results in higher user satisfaction.
7-Exposes developers to potential future system enhancements.
Some Disadvantages of Prototyping
1-Can lead to insufficient analysis.
2-Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype.
3-Developers can become too attached to their prototypes
4-Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready.
5-Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation.
6-If sophisticated software prototypes (4th GL or CASE Tools) are employed, the time saving benefit of prototyping can be lost
Referance:
http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html
the advantages and the disadvantages of traditional SDLC:
ReplyDeleteadvantages :
1- highly structured,systematic process
2- thorough requirement definition .
3- clear milestones with business management sign-offs.
the disadvantages:
1- do not account well for evolving requierment during project.
2- time-consuming (and costly)process.
3- top-down commitment requied.
the reference:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:lsw6tS-xZpoJ:www.imamu.edu.sa/topics/Slides/Development%2520lifecycle/Managing%2520Information%2520Technology-%2520Methodologies%2520for%2520Custom%2520Software%2520Development.ppt+Advantages+of+the+Traditional+SDLC&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk
There are many advantages to using prototyping in software development, some tangible some abstract:
ReplyDelete1-Reduced time and costs: Prototyping can improve the quality of requirements and specifications provided to developers. the early determination of what the user really wants can result in faster and less expensive software
2-Improved and increased user involvement: Prototyping requires user involvement and allows them to see and interact with a prototype allowing them to provide better and more complete feedback and specifications. The presence of the prototype being examined by the user prevents many misunderstandings and miscommunications that occur when each side believe the other understands what they said.
3- Confusing or difficult functions can be identified
4- Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional, application
5- Missing functionality can be identified easily
perhaps misusing, prototyping can also have disadvantages.
1-Insufficient analysis: The focus on a limited prototype can distract developers from properly analyzing the complete project. This can lead to overlooking better solutions, preparation of incomplete specifications or the conversion of limited prototypes into poorly engineered final projects that are hard to maintain.
2-User confusion of prototype and finished system: for example, often unaware of the effort needed to add error-checking and security features which a prototype may not have.
3-Developer attachment to prototype: This may suggest that throwaway prototyping, rather than evolutionary prototyping, should be used.
4-Excessive development time of the prototype:
5-Expense of implementing prototyping: Many companies tend to just jump into the prototyping without bothering to retrain their workers as much as they should.
the reference:
http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/
the advantages of traditional SDLC :
ReplyDelete+Improved understanding and tracking
of projects
+Ease of collection of performance data
to aid in future project planning
and estimating
+Users would have a better idea of what has to be done to accomplish a systems project
the disadvantages are:
+Less control over applications development
+Less flexibility in meeting system needs
+Package may not interface with existing applications
as I understand from this:
http://www.cis.gsu.edu/~dstraub/JMBA/MBA8473/2001/sdlc4ups.pdf
The advantages of prototyping are:
ReplyDelete+faster development
+easier for end users to learn/use
+fewer changes needed after implementation
+development backlog decreases
end-user involvement
+users know what to expect at implementation
+user/analyst communication enhanced
+user requirements easier to determine
+development costs reduced
as i read from this website
http://web.sxu.edu/rogers/sys/prototype.html
Traditional SDLC:
ReplyDeleteadvantages:
- Formal review at the end of each phase allows maximum management control.
- This approach creates considerable system documentation.
- Formal documentation ensures that system requirements can be traced back to business needs.
- It produces many intermediate products that can be reviewed to see whether they meet the user's needs and conform to standards.
disadvantages:
- Users get a system that meets the needs as understood by the developers; this may not be what was really needed.
- Documentation is expensive and time-consuming to create.It is also difficult to keep current.
- Often, user needs go unstated or are misunderstood.
- users cannot easily review intermediate products and evaluate whether a particular product.
as I found here:
tigger.uic.edu/~mbwm/chapter12.ppt
Advantages of Prototype model:
ReplyDelete1. Strong Dialogue between users and developers
2. Missing functionality can be identified easily
3. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified
4. Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but
functional, application
5. May generate specifications for a production application
6. Environment to resolve unclear objectives
7. Encourages innovation and flexible designs
Disadvantages of Prototype model:
1. Contract may be awarded without rigorous evaluation of Prototype
2. Identifying non-functional elements difficult to document
3. Incomplete application may cause application not to be used as the
full system was designed
4. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis
5. Client may be unknowledgeable
6. Approval process and requirement is not strict
7. Requirements may frequently change significantly .
(although I read and copied the answer from a blog..but I think it was sufficient, hope you accept it).
http://bobyjos.blogspot.com/2004/11/sdlc-models-advantages-disadvantages.html
SDLC(system development life cycle)
ReplyDeleteadvantages:
1- The explicit guidelines allow the use of less-experienced staff for
system development, as all steps are clearly outlined. Even junior
staff members who have never managed a project can follow the
“recipes” in the SDLC “cookbook” to produce adequate systems.
Reliance on individual expertise is reduced. Use of an SDLC can
have the added benefit of providing training for junior staff, again
because the sequence of steps and the tasks to be performed in
each step are clearly defined.
2- The methodology promotes consistency among projects, which can
reduce the cost of ongoing support and allow staff to be transferred from one project to another
disadvanages:
1- If followed slavishly, it can result in the generation of unnecessary
documents. Many methodologies have forms for every possible
from one project to anotherscenario. Inexperienced staff may believe that all are required and
may, for example, insist on three levels of customer sign-off when
only one is needed. This can have the effect of complicating the
process and extending the project schedule unnecessarily
2-It is difficult for the customer to identify all requirements early in
the project; however, the sequential “river of no return” approach
dictates this. The philosophy of the SDLC means that there are no
easy ways to mitigate this problem and still remain true to the
methodology
3-The customer is involved only periodically, rather than being an
active participant throughout the project. This can result in misunderstandings
on both sides: IT and the customer
4-As a corollary to the previous two points, the waterfall approach
is usually applied to large projects with long development cycles
5-Similarly, the long development cycle increases the possibility that
by the time the system is delivered, business changes may have
invalidated the initial design or that the project champions may
have left the company or been reassigned, taking with them the
impetus for the project
reference:http://www.ism-journal.com/ITToday/AU4426_C016.pdf
Prototype Disadvantages :
ReplyDeleteImplementing the prototype model for creating software has disadvantages. Since its being built out of concept, most of the models presented in the early stage are not complete. Usually they lack flaws that developers still need to work on them again and again. Since the prototype changes from time to time, it’s a nightmare to create a document for this software. There are many things that are removed, changed and added in a single update of the prototype and documenting each of them has been proven difficult.
There is also a great temptation for most developers to create a prototype and stick to it even though it has flaws. Since prototypes are not yet complete software programs, there is always a possibility of a designer flaw. When flawed software is implemented, it could mean losses of important resources.
Lastly, integration could be very difficult for a prototype model. This often happens when other programs are already stable. The prototype software is released and integrated to the company’s suite of software. But if there’s something wrong the prototype, changes are required not only with the software. It’s also possible that the stable software should be changed in order for them to be integrated properly.
Prototype Advantages :
Creating software using the prototype model also has its benefits. One of the key advantages a prototype modeled software has is the time frame of development. Instead of concentrating on documentation, more effort is placed in creating the actual software. This way, the actual software could be released in advance. The work on prototype models could also be spread to others since there are practically no stages of work in this model. Everyone has to work on the same thing and at the same time, reducing man hours in creating a software. The work will even be faster and efficient if developers will collaborate more regarding the status of a specific function and develop the necessary adjustments in time for the integration.
Another advantage of having a prototype modeled software is that the software is created using lots of user feedbacks. In every prototype created, users could give their honest opinion about the software. If something is unfavorable, it can be changed. Slowly the program is created with the customer in mind.
www.learn.geekinterview.com
Prototype Disadvantages :
ReplyDeleteImplementing the prototype model for creating software has disadvantages. Since its being built out of concept, most of the models presented in the early stage are not complete. Usually they lack flaws that developers still need to work on them again and again. Since the prototype changes from time to time, it’s a nightmare to create a document for this software. There are many things that are removed, changed and added in a single update of the prototype and documenting each of them has been proven difficult.
There is also a great temptation for most developers to create a prototype and stick to it even though it has flaws. Since prototypes are not yet complete software programs, there is always a possibility of a designer flaw. When flawed software is implemented, it could mean losses of important resources.
Lastly, integration could be very difficult for a prototype model. This often happens when other programs are already stable. The prototype software is released and integrated to the company’s suite of software. But if there’s something wrong the prototype, changes are required not only with the software. It’s also possible that the stable software should be changed in order for them to be integrated properly.
Prototype Advantages :
Creating software using the prototype model also has its benefits. One of the key advantages a prototype modeled software has is the time frame of development. Instead of concentrating on documentation, more effort is placed in creating the actual software. This way, the actual software could be released in advance. The work on prototype models could also be spread to others since there are practically no stages of work in this model. Everyone has to work on the same thing and at the same time, reducing man hours in creating a software. The work will even be faster and efficient if developers will collaborate more regarding the status of a specific function and develop the necessary adjustments in time for the integration.
Another advantage of having a prototype modeled software is that the software is created using lots of user feedbacks. In every prototype created, users could give their honest opinion about the software. If something is unfavorable, it can be changed. Slowly the program is created with the customer in mind.
www.learn.geekinterview.com
"The traditional SDLC allows for a large degree of management control. At the end of each phase, a formal review is performed and a decision is made whether to continue with the project, terminate it, or perhaps repeat some of the tasks of the current phase. Use of this life cycle also creates a lot of documentation, which if kept current, can be useful when modifying the system. The traditional SDLC also ensures that every system requirement can be related to a business need. In addition, resulting products can be reviewed to verify that they satisfy the system requirements and conform to organizational standards. A major problem with this life cycle is that the user does not have access to the solution until the system is nearly complete. It is also inflexible as changes in user requirements cannot be accommodated during development."
ReplyDeletehttp://azportal.uum.edu.my/TM5013/Chapters_summary/ch12.pdf
page 6/18
Fatimah Al-Shaer ^^..|
Some advantages of prototyping:
ReplyDelete1-Early visibility of the prototype gives users an idea of what the final system looks like
2-Helps to deliver the product in quality easily
3-Increases system development speed
4-Reduces development costs and time
5-User interaction available during development cycle of prototype
6-Results in higher user satisfaction
Some disadvantages of prototyping:
1-Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made.
2-Not suitable for large applications
3-Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready
4-Producer might produce a system inadequate for overall organization needs
5-Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype
references:
1-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype
2http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html
3http://www.precisionmachiningpro.com/2008/08/01/what-is-prototyping-advantages-and-disadvantages.html
Prototyping takes an iterative approach to the systems development process. During each iteration, requirements and alternative solutions to the problem are identified and analyzed, new solutions are designed, and a portion of the system is implemented. Users are then encouraged to try the prototype and provide feedback
ReplyDeleteadvantages of prototyping..
1/One advantage of this approach is that an operational prototype can be constructed in weeks.
2/ It also allows for early error and omission detection.
3/User involvement and comment early on and throughout the
development process.
disadvantages of prototyping..
1/Disadvantages include incomplete or absent documentation, the fact that backup and recovery, performance.
2/security issues may be overlooked..
3/that lack of formal end-of-phase reviews may create projects that go on and on.
4/Documentation may be difficult to write.
5/Users may not understand the realistic scope of the system..
references:
http://azportal.uum.edu.my/TM5013/Chapters_summary/ch12.pdf
http://www.cis.gsu.edu/~dtruex/courses/MBA8125/Lectures-pdf/Day9-ProjectManagement-PearlsonCh11.pdf
Hi all ...
ReplyDeleteThe Prototyping Model is a systems development method (SDM) ...
Advantages of Prototyping are :
1.Reduced time and costs.
2.Improved and increased user involvement.
3.allows a visual idea to help those funding the project.
4.they have a chance to comment on the project.
Disadvantages are :
1.Insufficient analysis.
2.User confusion of prototype and finished system.
3.Developer misunderstanding of user objectives.
4.Developer attachment to prototype.
5.Excessive development time of the prototype.
6.the chance of unfinished systems
you can read in details in these links :
http://www.iotap.com/Blogs/tabid/277/EntryId/152/Advantages-Disadvantage-of-Prototyping-process-model.aspx
http://www.precisionmachiningpro.com/2008/08/01/what-is-prototyping-advantages-and-disadvantages.html
prototyping ...
ReplyDeleteAdvantages:
1- users can try the system and provide constructive feedback during development.
2- An operational prototype can be produced in weeks .
3- As solutions emerge ,users become more positive about the process and result .
4- Prototyping enables early detection of errors and omissions .
ــــــ
disadvantages :
1- each iteration builds on the previous one , the final solution might be only incrementally better than the initial solution .
2- Formal end of phase reviews might not occur. thus m it is very difficult to contain the scope of the prototype and the project never seems to end .
3- system documentation is often absent or incomplete because the primary focus is on development of the prototype .
4- System backup and recovery , performance and security issues can be overlooked in the haste to develop a prototype
As I study ....
Advantages of traditional SDLC :
ReplyDelete1- "Clear project objectives" the guidelines helps the less-experienced staff for system development .
2- The methodology promotes consistency among projects, which can
reduce the cost of ongoing support and allow staff to be transferred
from one project to another.
3- Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but
functional, application .
4- Encourages innovation and flexible designs .
--------
Desadvantages of traditional SDLC :
1- Inexperienced staff may believe that all are required and
may, for example, insist on three levels of customer sign-off when
only one is needed.
2- The customer is involved only periodically, rather than being an
active participant throughout the project. This can result in misunderstandings
on both sides: IT and the customer.
3- Difficulty responding to changes .
4- Approval process and requirement is not strict .
Referances :
http://bobyjos.blogspot.com/2004/11/sdlc-models-advantages-disadvantages.html
http://www.ism-journal.com/ITToday/AU4426_C016.pdf
The Advantges of SDLC :
ReplyDelete1. Includes formalized methods for project review .
2. Allows for large degree of management control .
3. Reports oriented to assess progress after each phase .
4. Uses formal DFDs for analysis and design and Structured design and programming techniques .
5. Testing is inherent to every phase of the model .
6. It is an enforced disciplined approach .
7. It is documentation driven, that is, documentation is produced at every stage .
The Disadvantages of SDCL :
1. Costly .
2. Not appropriate for small systems or Networks .
3. Generates volumes of paper and specifications .
4. Rigid and inflexible .
5. Difficult to change at later stages .
6. It only incorporates iteration indirectly, thus changes may cause considerable confusion as the project progresses.
7. As The client usually only has a vague idea of exactly what is required from the
software product, this WM has difficulty accommodating the natural uncertainty
that exists at the beginning of the project.
8. The customer only sees a working version of the product after it has been
coded. This may result in disaster if any undetected problems are precipitated to
this stage .
References :
1. http://www.cga-education.org/2006-07/lectures/ms1_mod4.pdf
2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/23715568/Manual-SDLC-Models-I
The advantages of prototyping are:
ReplyDeletefaster development
easier for end users to learn/use
fewer changes needed after implementation
development backlog decreases
end-user involvement
users know what to expect at implementation
user/analyst communication enhanced
user requirements easier to determine
development costs reduced
Some Disadvantages of Prototyping
Can lead to insufficient analysis.
Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype.
Developers can become too attached to their prototypes
Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready.
Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation.
If sophisticated software prototypes (4th GL or CASE Tools) are employed, the time saving benefit of prototyping can be lost.
the references:
http://web.sxu.edu/rogers/sys/prototype.html
http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html
Advantages SDLC:
ReplyDelete1) the end-user participation
2) systems produce creative and wonderful.
3) suitable for the massive systems.
4) users to see what can be expected in the implementation
5) a strong dialogue between users and developers
6) Low risk
Disadvantages of SDLC:
1) cost a lot of time.
2) cost economically.
3) You need a great effort.
4) inadequate analysis
5) creates unrealistic expectations
http://portal.newman.wa.edu.au/technology/12infsys/html/KWH2003/Prototyp.htm
http://vb4arab.com/vb/showthread.php?t=639
rehab ali al-dayel
ReplyDeleteThe advantages of prototyping are:
1-faster development
2-easier for end users to learn/use
3-fewer changes needed after implementation
4-development backlog decreases
5-end-user involvement
6-users know what to expect at implementation
7-user/analyst communication enhanced
8-user requirements easier to determine
9-development costs reduced
disatvantage of prototyiping:
1-Structure of system can be damaged since many changes could be made
2-Producer might get too attached to
3-Not suitable for large applications
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype
http://web.sxu.edu/rogers/sys/prototype.html
" advantages:
ReplyDelete1/ all steps are clearly outlined.
2/ The explicit guidelines allow the use of less-experienced staff for system development.
3/ SDLC can have the added benefit of providing training for junior staff.
4/ With an SDLC Model, developers will have a clear idea .
5/ With an SDLC model, developers could even create a
program that will answer different problems at the same
time.
6/ SDLC Model, programs built will have a clear
documentation of development, structure and even coding.
disadvantages:
1/ SDLC is the difference
between what is written in paper and what is actually
implemented. There are things that are happening in the
actual work that the paper doesn’t see.
2/ The philosophy of the SDLC means that there are no
easy ways to mitigate this problem and still remain true to the methodology.
3/ It is difficult for the customer to identify all requirements early in the project."
References:
http://www.ism-journal.com/ITToday/AU4426_C016.pdf
http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/64688.html
Latifa Al-mulhem